Patriotism And Racism Essay - 1412 Words

Patriotism in history class can and does contribute acts of racism in our society. By not covering the histories of oppressed people in depth and with the respect it deserves, those who are privileged do not understand what is happening when they see minorities protesting injustice or advocating for civil rights. This leads to feelings of anger and hate towards minorities, and even acts of retaliation. Racism has always been an issue in American society, but perhaps today it is more important than ever. Increased acts of racism are being reported, and white supremacists and neo-Nazis are becoming more emboldened. Some even feel as if they are the targets of discrimination, as evidenced by the appropriation of the statement ‘Black†¦show more content†¦[†¦] Opposing this form of patriotism is ‘democratic patriotism’ in which students are taught to laud the principles— like liberty and justice—on which the US government is founded. (20 15, p.264-265) Both approaches to patriotizing history are not appropriate for history curriculums, and contradict the historiographic methods used to examine history. Traditional patriotism in the history curriculum is not nearly as prevalent as it used to be in the past, but has made a recent comeback in our society. This form of patriotism blatantly suppresses questioning, which stamps out any form of critical thinking that a student would normally use to analyze historical events. Questioning the past is an essential part of historical analysis, and without it a history class turns into a nationalistic brain washing session. Kissling, when studying Rugg and Krueger’s elementary school textbooks notes that even while they had patriotic overtones the textbooks were still criticized by some at the time for not being patriotic enough, showing how forced patriotism was back in the 1930’s. (2015, p.271) This is the kind patriotism today is taught in places like North Korea. What i s more prevalent in American society today is democratic patriotism. While much more inclusive that traditional patriotism, democraticShow MoreRelatedWhat It Means to Love Ones Country774 Words   |  4 Pages1 My View on What It Means to Love One’s Country Patriotism, according to Merriam Webster, is defined as â€Å"devotion or love for one’s country.† I believe this definition does not capture the true essence of the meaning of patriotism. This definition would be outstanding if there were no other conditions factored in this complex equation, but it seems that patriotism is a double-edged sword. The word patriotism strikes a lot of mixed emotions in people all over the United States. SomeRead MoreAmerican Culture And Its Impact On The Nation1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout history through patriotism, capitalism, and racism. Pseudo patriotism was running wild after 9/11, in our beloved country, and if you dared to speak out about the invasion in Iraq, you were vilified like the Dixie Chicks, by all the flag wavers. Once the Dixie Chicks went against the American culture of patriotism, Country Radio stations stopped playing their music; it was see you later ladies. Consequently you have to have a patriotic song, when patriotism is running high; therefore youRead MoreEssay on America, Land of Immigrants746 Words   |  3 Pagespeoples is to simultaneously be an American and retain their personal cultural identity. It must be difficult to find the balance of personal identity and not seam un-American. This issue is discussed in the short essay by Myriam Marquez â€Å"Why and When We Speak Spanish in Public.† In the essay, Marquez explains how she and her family chose to use their native tongue, Spanish, instead of English. She says they do this, despite the impression some people may get of them bei ng rude, â€Å"out of respect for theirRead MorePatriotism or Cosmopolitanism Essay1825 Words   |  8 PagesHumankind would be a better place if we were all just citizens of the world. In Martha Nussbaum’s â€Å"Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism† she argues whether children should be taught in education to be patriotic or cosmopolitan. Nussbaum’s definition of cosmopolitanism is a person whose primary allegiance is to the community of human beings in the entire world. Nussbaum begins her argument by raising questions about education and how students ought to be taught that hunger in third world countries areRead MoreMarc Anthony s Performance Of God Bless America1117 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough television. This made it easier for the performance to receive more negative, racist, and discriminatory responses through social mediums, particularly twitter, and eventually became a controversial topic among news sources and media. In this essay, I will analyze resp onses to Marc Anthony’s performance of God Bless America published on Twitter and define what it truly means to be American. This incident was one of many incidents in the United States that incited controversy over whether orRead MoreAmerican Stereotypes of Immigrants Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesassimilating (Morganthau and Wolfberg, par.18). .America is beginning to place a negative outlook on its culture. Authors Jack Shaheen, Richard Rodriguez, Peter Marin and Zora Neale Hurtson all shape American culture in a detrimental way. Jack Shaheen’s essay â€Å"The Media’s Image of Arabs† explains how the media has birthed false images of Arabs. The media continues to maintain stereotypes of Arabs. The majority of Arab characters shown on the television are rarely shown as victims or ordinary people (ShaheenRead MoreTommy Hilfiger Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesPress. Designer Hilfiger disputes Net rumors of racism. USA Today 28 February, 1999: News4 Berns, Walter. On Patriotism Public Interest 127 (Spring 1997) p19-30 Hilfiger, Tommy All American New York: MadHouse Productions, 1997 History Of Tommy Hilfiger 101799 http://members.tripod.com/~netmage/history.html 61597 Jordan, Anthony. The Soul of Americanism American Legion 144 (1998) p8 Jost, Kenneth Patriotism in America CQ Researcher 25 June 1999: 545-567 Read MoreRacial Segregation : Race And Place At The Local Level Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesSince the beginning of the United States, race has always been a social construct in which Anglo Saxon people were able to benefit from it. Institutional racism enacted at the federal level and state level, that intentionally dehumanized the people of color justified the mistreatments. During the time the suburbs were constructed the G.I Bill effectively benefited whites, as whiteness itself is an indicator of certain public benefits, such as housing and rights that were granted. While on the otherRead More English Should be Americas Official Language Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagessociety to unite the entire nation. The people of America need to reshape the country in which we live, to show off the patriotism expressed so warmly after the horrific attacks of September 11. American citizens must come to unison with the most vital tool we can use to combat those problems, our communication between different dialects. Senator Hayakawa writes in his essay, The Case for Official English, that ?[i]t is with a common language that we have dissolved distrust and fear. It is withRead MoreComparison of Media Propaganda Used During the Two World Wars1715 Words   |  7 PagesWith this essay I will be comparing the way propaganda was used during the World Wars, what was their aim and target audiences and how they affected civilian and military moral and more importantly how art and poster design was used to properly influence and imprint ideas and morals to the viewers. I will also compare how different design techniques were used in each war and how effective or ineffective they were in each case and what their common attributes were and in what way they were different

Homelessness The Homeless Population Essay - 1703 Words

Homelessness affects millions of people every year. Homelessness is an endless epidemic that continues to grow. There isn’t one specific causal factor to this every increasing population. Individuals experiencing homelessness come from various backgrounds and cultures physically, financially, and emotionally. They could be considered the melting pot for diversity. Often times individuals experiencing homeless are judged by their outer appearance with no regard for the contributing factors to the situation. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, â€Å"in January 2014, there were 578,424 people experiencing homelessness on any given night in the United States. Of that number, 216,197 are people in families, and 362,163 are individuals† (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2015). The homeless population contains â€Å"about 15 percent who are considered to be chronically homeless and 9 percent are homeless veterans† (National Alliance to End H omelessness, 2015). Homelessness has several different subgroups to include families, youth, veterans and the chronically homeless. Each group can have several different contributing factors that contribute to becoming homeless. There are sometimes some overlapping factors as well. â€Å"Families experiencing homelessness are similar to other, housed families living in poverty. In fact, many poor families – homeless or not – share similar characteristics: they are usually headed by a single woman with limited education, areShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : The Homeless Population843 Words   |  4 Pagesfill this vast world and 25 percent are homeless. Homelessness does not just transpire overnight, in poor countries, and to adults. This dire circumstance can develop anywhere: from poverty stricken countries to the wealthiest in the world and to people of any generation. Tragically, 30 percent of the homeless population is comprised of children (HomeAid.). Government and communities need to work together to develop more solutions to elevate homelessness. Simply stated an individual should notRead MoreHomelessness And The Homeless Population1570 Words   |  7 Pagesbillion dollars each year to assist homeless persons to find permanent supportive housing. Federal programs provide funding for specific sub-groups with the idea that providing housing for these groups will end the national problem. Without continued analysis of the social construction that hinders the homeless population, funding will not reach the target destination resulting in misplaced effort. This paper provides an informational and critical analysis of homelessness in the United States and the relationshipRead MoreThe Effects Of Homelessness On The Homeless Population1372 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Homelessness The term to describe the homeless may have changed over time, however the issue of housing insecurity has remained for some Americans throughout history (Kusmer, 2001). Although the homeless population has always maintained in the United States, homelessness became a national issue in 1870 with the emergence of the â€Å"tramp†: these were men that banded together, rode trains illegally and had negative interactions with law enforcement (2001). The movement of the homeless from locationRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless Population, Origins And Consequences Of Homelessness1373 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness Some background information on the prevalence of and risk factors for the homeless population, origins and consequences of homelessness, prevention and treatment strategies, and other considerations will be presented. The definition of homelessness may cover a broad range of individuals, including those physically deprived of a home and housed persons unwilling to remain in their homes (Ravenhill 6). Some researchers conceptualize homelessness as â€Å"alienation from the rest of the societyRead MoreAs we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness600 Words   |  3 PagesAs we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness grows each day. Homelessness is an issue because it affects the community. The cause of people might be because the made a bad choice and at the end they regret it. After being homeless, they can imagine having a great job or career, owing a house and their own property they want to have wealthy lives again like they had before being homeless. Homeless people wanted to bring back their lives as oneRead MoreVulnerable Populations1503 Words   |  7 PagesVulnerable Populations BSHS/320 The United States of America is the place known to many as the land of the free, home of the brave, and the place to start a better life. With any place that has good qualities, some have not so good qualities. The homeless population in the United States is at a staggering high, and many individuals are suffering because many lack employment/financial resources, housing resources, support from family and friends, and others negligence; such as natural disastersRead MoreHealth Issues Among The Homeless Population1450 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss current health issues among the homeless population. The paper will also explore the reasons behind homelessness and the society’s perception. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless an individual experiencing homelessness fall into one of the three categories such as, chronic, transitional or episodic homelessness. Medicine or treatment for homeless individuals seeking medical attention, are not as accessible compared to non-homeless individuals due to the culture and roughRead MoreEssay about The United States Homeless Population879 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States the homeless population continues to grow rapidly. Homelessness has been a public health issue for many decades. Often times these individuals feel as though society has turned a blind eye to them. This at risk population is seen by society as lazy or chose to live a life on the streets, but if one would examine this population closely would see that there is more to this at risk population than what society has labeled them as. The forces, which affect homelessness, are multifacetedRead MoreHomeless People And The United States1648 Words   |  7 Pagesscores of homeless people begging on the sidewalks. While you might spare some change to a particularly disheveled looking woman, or a couple trying to buy food for their dog, it is customary to keep your head down in fear of interacting with one of the violent, homeless drunks t hat litter city streets. Conflict between homeless people and the housed population is not a new phenomena in the United States. With one of the highest rates of homelessness among developed countries, homelessness in the URead MoreHelping The Homeless Is A Worthy Cause1502 Words   |  7 Pagesacross a homeless person? Do you give them money and try to help them out ? Or do you keep walking by like you saw nothing? Some people, the majority of the time, tend to just walk by without helping, and this is what makes the homeless population relatively large. Many people are affected globally by homelessness, and the population gets larger yearly. Not only does homelessness affect adults, but it also affects teenagers, and sometimes even children. Eventually after people live a homeless life

B2B and International Exercise Free Essays

In the conduct of this study, the question that must always be put in our mind is if there is a possibility for the city of Scottsdale and Marrakesh to have a business transaction to improve their economy as a whole. After reading all the necessary materials regarding the economic condition of the two cities, I have learned that Marrakesh has a 55. 5 % rate of share of services in the totality of the city’s GDP. We will write a custom essay sample on B2B and International Exercise or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, Morocco is also known for its industry in mining, food processing, leather goods, textiles and tourism. In terms of their educational attainment level, only 52% of the total population is literate. Its export commodities are mostly clothing, fish, crude minerals, fertilizer, transistors and inorganic chemicals. On the other hand, one of the â€Å"booming† industries in Scottsdale is the business and professional industry that enables them to have an impressive economic growth for the past years. They are also known for their best resorts destinations and high technologies and bio-technology. Feasibility Study Based from the above facts that I gathered, I could say that there is a great possibility of having business with Marrakesh. In the industry of tourism, since Marrakesh is known for their tourism, Scottsdale could develop resorts in Marrakesh. The high rate of tourists that goes to Marrakesh would serve as an opportunity for the Scottsdale to put up resorts. If this would go to happen, tourists in Marrakesh will continue to increase. At the same time, while benefiting the Scottsdale, the resort that will be established would surely cut the unemployment rate of Marrakesh since jobs will be provided to their citizens and, in the later years, could uplift the poverty rate of Marrakesh (Shagazatova). On the other hand, since there is a high illiteracy rate in Marrakesh, and there are a lot of professionals in Scottsdale like teachers, Scottsdale could invest in establishing schools in the Marrakesh in order to uplift their rate of literacy. The schools that I am referring here are only vocational schools, will also provide basic knowledge regarding literacy, that might be a good help in the booming industry of Marrakesh (Ranis). With this, Scottsdale could also get workers from the schools that they had established. With the median age of 24 years, there would be no doubt that Marrakesh industry is concentrated on the service sector. Most of the companies here must be labor intensive in order to take advantage of the large pool of laborers in the market. Wage rate is expected to be low compared to other countries (Phelps). This is also one of the reasons why it is advantageous to put up a business in Marrakesh aside from its economic opportunities in the current days. Since Scottsdale is well known for its business services, it would be a good decision to establish a service oriented company in Marrakesh. It could be in line with the transistor’s industry or textile industry that can be provided by Scottsdale to the workers of Marrakesh. Data Gathering and Recommendations Through the suggested strategies above would definitely benefit both of the cities. Marrakesh could take advantage of the job opportunity that Scottsdale’s investors bring with them and the latter could take advantage of the tremendous amount of laborers in Marrakesh as well as the low operational costs in terms of the wage rate. After presenting this paper to the Scottsdale’s officials, data gathering in Marrakesh economic standing should be implemented right away in order to validate the theories that we have cited in this paper. The data’s were then studied by the economic analysts of Scottsdale in order to have an in depth understanding of the current status of Marrakesh and in order for us to be guided in the actions that we are going to undertake. REFERENCES Phelps, Edmund S. â€Å"Low-Wage Employment Subsidies Versus the Welfare State. † 2007. Ranis, Gustav. â€Å"Human Development and Economic Growth. † 2004. Shagazatova, Batir Mirbabayev and Malika. â€Å"The Economic and Social Impact of Tourism. † 2005. How to cite B2B and International Exercise, Papers

Collective Bargaining in the Workplace Essay Example For Students

Collective Bargaining in the Workplace Essay Britain has one of the most developed systems of collectivebargaining in the world, especially amongst manual workers. Itssophistication is one of the main reasons why British workers traditionallypressed less for the statutory provision of basic rights in the work placethan their Continental colleagues. Most trade unionists prefer to put agrievance through procedure rather than go to an industrial tribunal. Dubin has described collective bargaining as the great socialinvention that has institutionalised industrial conflict and by theDonovan Commission as right which is or should be the prerogative of everyworker in a democratic society. It could be also defined as a method ofdetermining terms and conditions of employment through the process ofnegotiation and agreement between representatives of management andCollective bargaining does not require a comprehensive collectiveagreement for a stated period of time. It requires only the recognition ofthe bargaining agency and the principle of action that mutual problems bejointly considered and jointly decided. The desire of each party to beassured about the others future conduct that is, the desire forstability and security makes the comprehensive collective agreement for aterm the normal concomitant of collective bargaining. It requires eachparty to think into the future, to anticipate situations and to determinesolutions before situation s arise. It requires the making of policy which,when agreed upon, becomes the collective agreement. The heart of the collective agreement indeed, of collectivebargaining is the process for continuous joint consideration andadjustment of plant problems. And it is this feature which indicates thedifference between the collective labour agreement and commercial contractsgenerally. Commercial contracts are concerned primarily with end results;collective agreements, with continuous process. Workers organised intotrade unions and bargaining with employers provides a measure ofcountervailing power to the powers of management, and that is fundamentalto industrial relations. The collective bargaining process provides aformal channel through which the differing interests of management andemployees may be resolved on a collective basis. The collective agreementis not made between parties who seek each other out for the purpose ofentering into a business transaction and who can shop around amongcompetitors for the most favourable connection. It is made between partieswho find themselves alre ady in a joint enterprise and who have little orno choice in selecting each other for the relationship. The union does notchoose the employer and the employer does not choose the union. Both aredependent on the same enterprise and neither can pull out withoutdestroying it. Even when a dispute between them results in suspension ofoperations, they must strive so to adjust the dispute as to resume theirWhilst undoubtedly the process of collective bargaining has becomemore formalised at the organisation level, many arrangements (agreements)are still made between managers and shop stewards in respect of operationalsituations at the departmental or workgroup level. Collective bargaining through collective agreements places socialconstraints upon managerial discretion. One type of constraint consists ofthe labour standards or norms established by collective agreements relatingto pay and hours which are translated into the terms and conditions ofemployment for employees represented by trade unions. Such standards limitmanagerial discretion in setting wage, hours and other substantive terms ofemployment. At the same time these standards also offer the advantage tomanagement of harmonising labour costs throughout the industry. The second constraint is related to the bargaining over the rules,which govern the continuing relationship between unions and employers. These rules are often recorded in procedure agreements or the proceduralclauses of collective agreements: negotiating procedures, bargaining rightsand management rights clauses, shop stewards facilities, redundancy,disciplinary and grievance procedures. This is the so-called contractualAlso collective agreements can provide a joint policy forredundancies or the introduction of new technology providing consultationrights for trade union representatives as well as rights governingseniority, job guarantees and measures to avoid redundancies. Collective rather than individual bargaining with an employer isnecessary for effective voice at the work place for two reasons. First,many important aspects of an industrial setting are public goods, whichaffect the well being of every employee. As a result the incentive for anysingle person to express his preferences, and invest time and money tochange conditions is reduced. Safety conditions, lighting, heating, thefirms policies on dismissal, work-sharing, promotion, its formal grievanceprocedure and pension plan all obviously affect the entire work force inthe same way that defence, sanitation, and fire protection affect allcitizens of a town. Public goods at the work place require collectivedecision-making. Without a collective organisation, the incentive for theindividual to take into account the effects of his actions on others, orexpress his preferences, or invest time and money in changing conditions,A second reason collective action is necessary is that workers whoare not prepared to exit will be unlikely to reveal their true preferencesto their bosses, for fear of some sort of punishment. The essence of theemployment relationship under capitalism is the exchange of money betweenemployer and employee in return for the employers control over a certainamount of the workers time. The employer seeks to use his employees timein a way that maximises the value of the output the employee produces. As aresult, the way in which the time purchased is utilised must be determinedby some interaction between workers and their boss. Since the employer candismiss a protester, individual protest is dangerous. In a unionised setting, by contrast, the union takes account of thepreferences of all workers to form an average preference that typicallydetermines its position at the bargaining table. Through collectivebargaining employees can achieve better terms because the employer cannottake advantage of the individuals differing personal circumstances andneeds. As Harbinson stated, the important difference between individual andcollective bargaining lies in the fact that the latter is strictly arelationship between organisations and therefore an indirect regulation ofthe relationship between management and employee. There are three basic functions of collective bargaining:(a) A market or economic function it determines on what termslabour will continue to be supplied to a company by its presentemployees or will be supplied in the future by newly hired workers. In this context the collective agreement may be regarded as aformal contract and the grievance procedure as a non-legal meansfor ensuring the employers compliance with its terms. The processis primarily concerned with determining the substantive terms onwhich people are being employed. (b) A governmental function in which collective bargaining maybe regarded as principally a political process based on themutual dependency of the parties and the power of each to vetothe acts of the other. The content of collective bargaining isconcerned as much with procedural issues and the distribution ofpower and authority as it is with substantive issues and the(c) A decision making function which allows workers, throughtheir union representatives, to participate in the determinationof the policies, which rule their working conditions. Thecollective agreement is in effect, a formal memorandum of thedecisions that have been reached and is a limitation onmanagements freedom and discretion to act unilaterally. Here is important to note the necessary conditions under which collective(a) the employees themselves are prepared to identify acommonality of purpose, organise and act in concert; and(b) management is prepared to recognise their organisationand accept a change in the employment relationship, whichconstrains its ability to deal with employees on an individualThe determinants of conflict between the management and the workersunion in an organisation are easy to see when we consider the objectives ofboth sides. Managements objective in collective relations may fall intofour broad categories: first, the preservation and strengthening of thebusiness enterprise; second, the retention of effective control over theenterprise; third, the establishment of stable and businesslikerelationships with the bargaining agents; and fourth, promotion of certainThe union may threaten the survival and growth of the enterprise inseveral ways. It may press demands, which impair the financial health ofthe b usiness, or it may undermine managements efforts to build a loyalOn the other hand the of the union leadership fall into thefollowing categories: first, the preservation and strengthening of theunion as an institution; second, the carrying out of the formal purpose ofthe union to get more for the membership; third, the acquisition of agreater measure of control over jobs to implement the first two objectives;and fourth, the pursuit of certain broad social and economic goals. Holy Year of Jubilee Essay(b) From the management point of view it allows organisationsto present a collective response to trade union pressure; itstabilises the wage costs for all organisations at a uniformlevel and prevents unfair competition between organisationsbased on differing wage levels. However, the wage rate set atthe national level in many private manufacturing industriestends to be that which can be afforded by the least productiveand profitable within the industry. The increased emphasis on organisational bargaining in the private sectorfrom the 1960s onwards is a result mainly because of the inability, andinappropriateness of formal industry agreements to regulate the increasingrange of issues which were becoming subject to collective bargaining, suchas changes in working methods and improvements in productivity, which aredifficult to be regulated effectively from the national level, given thediversity of organisational requirements. Organisational bargaining covers a variety of different levels and(a) Company or group-level bargaining where all employeesof a given type within the organisation, irrespective oftheir place of work, are covered by a single bargaining(b) Plant or site bargaining in multi-site organisations. Thislevel of bargaining is particularly important in thoseorganisations, which are multi-industry as well as multi-siteand therefore the nature of the work, and process involvedwill vary between the sites and require different terms and(c) Departmental or workshop bargaining relating to such issuesas bonus schemes and work arrangements. It is important to say that organisational bargaining is not confined toone or other level but may take place at a combination of levels. Inaddition to any industry-level bargaining, there may be bargaining at thecompany-level (pensions), the site-level (enhancement of nationally agreedterms) and the departmental level (the employees actual workingOrganisational bargaining has two important advantages:(a) It encourages management to develop a more positive approachto industrial relations within its organisation particularlyin respect of wage bargaining. Industry-level bargaining tendsto weaken managements control of its wage costs in that thedetermination of wage rates is outside its direct control andmay be inappropriate to its circumstances. Management, bybargaining at the organisational level, is better able to linkwages with changes in work methods and increased productivity. (b) Both management and employee representatives becomeresponsible for, and committed to, the agreement they reach. The terms of the collective agreements are no longer decidedfor them by people outside the organisation and over whomthey have little direct control. However, organisational-level bargaining may also present some problems:(a) In the area of pay bargaining, it may provide greater scopefor comparability inflation. The granting of a pay increasein one organisation, because of changes in work methods caneasily give rise to expectations that similar increaseswill be given in the future or in other organisations. Itprovides the opportunity for the development of a keybargaining strategy on the part of trade unions; that is,selecting one organisation which can afford the pay increaseand than trying to achieve the same level of pay in other(b) The existence of too many small bargaining units, each withits own separate agreement, can lead to constant comparabilityclaims between the various groups. (c) Because of the multiplicity of negotiations and agreements,organisational bargaining is less susceptible than industrybargaining to external verification and regulation duringSo far as industry bargaining is concerned it is important todistinguish between three potential roles for industry-level bargaining:(a) It may determine actual rates to be paid as in the(b) It may act as a floor. Elliot explains this situation asfollows: when national rates rise all workers who currentlyenjoy rates in excess of the nationally agreed rate havetheir rates adjusted upwards either to re-establish somefixed relationship with the nationally agreed rate or becausethe change in the national rate provides the agreed signal fora change in workplace rates. (c) It may act as a safety net. Elliot states that in thissituation the industry level provides only some agreed minimumbelow which nobody will be allowed to fall and therefore anyincrease in the national rate will only affect those who weremarginally above the old national rate but are now below theLegal support for trade union recognition was introduced quite latein Britain. Even as late as the 1960s the TUC could argue that tradeunions in Britain have succeeded through their own efforts in strengtheningtheir organisation and in obtaining recognition, not relying on theassistance of government through legislation. However, by that time,changes in the labour market away from manual to non-manual employment andthe decrease in employment in industries with high trade union densitiesindicated that the historical base for trade unionism in the private sectorThe repeal of the statutory recognition procedure in 1972 did notdramatically affect the statutory trade union rights to disclosure ofinformation, consultations over redundancies, transfers of the undertaking,health and safety pensions as well as the right to time off for trade unionduties and the right to appoint safety representatives. For while all theserights presuppose that a trade union has been recognised by the employerfor the purposes of collective bargaining, it is not necessary for therecognition to have been granted under the s. 11 procedure. The Employment Protection Act 1975 also included a statutory tradeunion right to disclosure of information for the purposes of collectivebargaining, which has been retained. Contained now in s 181 of TULR(C)A,this trade union right requires employers to disclose information inconnection with collective bargaining. One reason for this legislation is that it is not simply anadvantage for trade unions in the bargaining process. It is also useful toprompt employers to present information in such a way as to produce morerealistic demands by trade unions by convincing them to take into greateraccount the economic problems of the firm. Employers do not have to provideoriginal documents, or even copies of original documents, but are entitledto prepare information in a special form to be disclosed to trade unions. A recognised, independent trade union is entitled to allinformation relating to the employers undertaking as is in his possession,which applies to any stage of collective bargaining. Another statutory right of trade unions is the right for collectiveconsultation over redundancies. Employers are required to consult withrecognised trade unions to notify the government in advance of redundancies. Under s 188 of TULR(A) an employer who proposes to make one or moreemployees redundant has an obligation to inform and consult about such adecision with a trade union which has been recognised for collectivebargaining for that grade of employee. In addition to the obligation to consult recognised trade unions,employers are required to notify the DE when they propose to dismiss ten ormore employees for redundancy (s 193). The idea behind this provision is toput the DE in a position to help to place redundant employees in new jobsor in government retraining courses. Section 168(1) of TULR(C)A entitles employees who are officials ofan independent recognised trade union to have reasonable time off with payto carry out any duties, as such an official, which are concerned witheither negotiations with the employer related to collective bargainingmatters for which the trade union has been recognised (s 168(1)(a)) or theperformance of trade union functions agreed with the employer (s 168(1)(b))and to receive training in issues of industrial relations relevant to hisduties concerned with the collective bargaining matters in s 168(1). TheCode of Practice clearly indicates that the purpose of the section is toextend the rights of trade union representatives at work place level withina framework agreed between management and the union. It promotes the ideathat managers should give shop stewards facilities including office spaceand that employers should allow paid time off for a wide range of tradeIn conclusion we may say that legislation still prones obsta cles inthe way of trade union renovation in new areas and increasing trade unionmembership. More precisely, the narrowing of trade union immunities hascreated difficulties for trade unions to use secondary industrial pressure. Moreover, it encourages employer policies of derecognition andWhile the scale of collective bargaining in the 1990s is underthreat owing to the changing attitudes of employers who take inconsideration the centrality and significance of collective bargainingarrangements with their organisation, it is still the case that more than60% of the work force are covered by collective arrangements. Bibliography: