Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Harry Potter begins moderate, however gets exceptionally fascinating close to the end. To start with, you meet the Dursleys, Harry’s auntie, uncle, and their child Dudley. At that point you discover that Harry’s guardians were witches, and that they were devastated by an insidious wizard. A decent witch, Albus Dumbeldoor, sends Harry to the Dursleys, on the grounds that they’re his lone outstanding family. The Dursleys be that as it may, loathed Harry and his family, so Harry was abused for quite a long time. He had to live in a cuborrod under the steps. He needed to look as the fat, stood up Dudley got anything he desired, and afterward typically broke whatever it was he got. At that point one day Harry got a letter. As Harry was perusing the letter, his uncle, Vernon Dursley, took it from him. Subsequent to perusing the... Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Essay models - Essays Papers Harry Potter And The Sorcerers Stone Harry Potter begins moderate, yet gets fascinating close to the end. First and foremost, you meet the Dursleys, Harry’s auntie, uncle, and their child Dudley. At that point you discover that Harry’s guardians were witches, and that they were wrecked by a malevolent wizard. A decent witch, Albus Dumbeldoor, sends Harry to the Dursleys, on the grounds that they’re his lone outstanding family. The Dursleys in any case, loathed Harry and his family, so Harry was abused for a considerable length of time. He had to live in a cuborrod under the steps. He needed to look as the fat, stood up Dudley got anything he desired, and afterward typically broke whatever it was he got. At that point one day Harry got a letter. As Harry was perusing the letter, his uncle, Vernon Dursley, took it from him. In the wake of perusing the...

3 Examples of Mismatched Inflectional Endings

3 Examples of Mismatched Inflectional Endings 3 Examples of Mismatched Inflectional Endings 3 Examples of Mismatched Inflectional Endings By Mark Nichol At the point when action words carry out equal capacities inside a punishment, they ought to be treated with the equivalent inflectional consummation (- s/ - es, - ed, or - ing) or should both have no inflectional completion by any means. In every one of the accompanying models, conversations clarify this point in more prominent detail, and amendments show adherence to this standard. 1. Underneath, we layout the primary territories where most of organizations are falling behind just as featuring bits of knowledge and best practices from driving firms. Here, the sentence incorrectly recommends that falling and featuring are comparing action words, however the action word that the last word relates to is framework, and it ought to subsequently likewise have no inflectional consummation: â€Å"Below, we diagram the principle territories where most of organizations are falling behind just as feature bits of knowledge and best practices from driving firms.† 2. The report ought to depict organization similarity and adherence to the standards just as containing data about how the organization will deal with the issue. The type of the action word following â€Å"as well as† should coordinate that of the sentence’s first action word: â€Å"The archive ought to depict organization congruity with and adherence to the standards just as contain data about how the organization will deal with the issue.† (Note that similarity and adherence require unmistakable relational words.) 3. This scale normally begins at level 1 and develops through levels 2, 3, and eventually arriving at level 4. The action word going before the last rundown thing should coordinate the others (note different updates, as well): â€Å"This scale ordinarily begins at level 1, develops through levels 2 and 3, and at last arrives at level 4.† (Reaching is right if the sentence is reexamined as follows: â€Å"This scale regularly begins at level 1 and develops through levels 2 and 3, eventually arriving at level 4.†) Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Style class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Based in and based out ofFor Sale versus On SaleMankind versus Mankind

INDIEGOGO

INDIEGOGO © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIndiegogo is one of the biggest crowdfunding platforms online. In this article, we will look at 1) what is Indiegogo?, 2) why and when to use Indiegogo, 3) benefits of using Indiegogo, 4) options to raise funds and fees on Indiegogo, 5) how to be successful on Indiegogo, 6) Indiegogo success stories.WHAT IS INDIEGOGO?Indiegogo is a well known international crowdfunding platform based in San Francisco, California. It was created in 2008 by Danae Ringelmann, Eric Schell, and Slava Rubin. Indiegogo is one of the pioneers in the crowdfunding arena.Unlike some of its major competitors, the website allows people to request funds for an idea, a charitable venture or a start-up business. The company aims to empower and enable anyone with a good idea to raise funds and attempt to reach their goals. Approximately 9 million site visitors are recorded from around the world every month.Much like other crowdfunding models, the website runs a rewards based system. This means that donors and investors receive a gift in return for their investment rather than an equity stake in the product or business. The company has expressed an interest in the equity based system as soon as the laws governing these transactions are made clearer by the United States government.HistoryThe idea for the website was generated by Danae Ringelmann, who was working as an analyst on Wall Street in 2002. During this time, she worked on co-producing an Arthur Miller play. Despite its popularity with the audience, there was very little financial incentive to continue work on the project. Given this situation, Ringelmann began considering alternate ways to generate revenue for the endeavor. Her inspiration was a senior filmmaker who approached her for funds for his film. A few years later, she went on to the Haas School of Business to begin a company focused on a democratic way to raise funds.At the school, she met her future partners, Eric Schell and Slava Rubin. Both h ad experienced issues with fundraising similar to Ringelmann’s, with the House Theatre Company in Chicago and a charity fundraiser for cancer research. The three began developing their idea in 2007. The project was titled Keiyaku and the official site launched in 2008 at the Sundance Film Festival with a focus on films. By 2010, the company partnered with MTV New Media to develop content for site projects and in 2011 the website managed to raise $1.5 million in a seed financing round. In 2012, the company partnered with President Obama’s Startup America to offer crowdfunding services to US based entrepreneurs. The same year, the company raised a further $15 million dollars in funding from Insight Ventures and in 2014, added $40 million to the financing amount.Unlike Kickstarter, Indiegogo does not provide publicly accessible data and information regarding its performance. According to independent research, in 2013 the company had 44,000 crowdfunding campaigns with a success rate of about 34 percent. These successful campaigns raised about $99 million collectively, and 40 percent of this amount was from campaigns that managed to raise more than $100,000.The website puts very little restrictions on the kind of project that can be put up for funding requests. There is a special discount in fees for nonprofit campaigns.WHY WHEN TO USE INDIEGOGOThe projects that are put forward for funding on Indiegogo feature a variety of categories from the arts to technology, business, and charity or cause-based projects. It is a good option for when a more passive monetary stream is required, or there is a danger of not meeting target fundraising amounts. It also requires less planning and detail than a kickstarter campaign since those have to go through a vigorous approval process. A project can be put on Indiegogo if it fulfills the website’s terms of service which are not overly complicated. A person needs to be over eighteen or if over 13, needs the approval of a gua rdian. Projects listed need to be legal and not for the purpose of a scam or intended to cause any harm. As of now, no share in the business can be offered as a reward.Because of these easier rules, the projects listed on the website include ideas, charities, business startups, products and cause based crowdfunding. Often people may use this platform to test the viability of an idea as a successful project or a money making endeavor. If there is not much response than it may be a good way to take the learning and rethink the idea or its application.BENEFITS OF USING INDIEGOGOSome of the benefits of using Indiegogo over other similar crowdfunding platforms are:The website allows both partial campaigns as well as all-or-nothing.There are more than one payment options including both PayPal and ordinary bank accounts.The website allows international projects along with US based ones.There are very few restrictions on the type of campaign. There are some terms of service, and the propose d project has to be legal.There is no screening process or wait time for projects to get approved.There is no limit on the dollar worth of the rewards offered.Some negatives of the website include:The biggest negative may be that the lack of regulation may let some unnecessary projects through, and these may never materialize.The community of backers or investors is much smaller than market leader Kickstarter.There is less buzz around Indiegogo campaigns and there is not enough parity in credibility with the market leader in crowdfunding, Kickstarter.The option to keep whatever is collected may make it less urgent for some backers to donate. There may be less investment in the potential success or failure of the campaign owner and their product offering.OPTIONS TO RAISE FUNDS FEES ON INDIEGOGOSetting up and launching the campaign are free for everyone. Before the campaign is launched, however, a choice needs to be made between flexible funding and fixed funding. This choice is not so concerning if the product goals are met. In this situation, the funds raised are kept whether flexible funding was selected or fixed funding. A fee equal to 4% of the total funds raised is charged by the website, and this fee is reduced to 3% for nonprofits.However, if the goal is not reached, then a flexible funding campaign means that the campaign owner is allowed to keep whatever they have raised, but a higher percentage is charged. This percentage is 9% of the raised funds. When a fixed funding campaign is selected and the goal not reached, then all the money is returned to the investor, and no fees are charged either.Once funds are about to be received, there is an additional charge for the payment solution. This fee is between 3 and 5 percent depending on the payment option selected.HOW TO BE SUCCESSFUL ON INDIEGOGOOne service that Indiegogo offers is the gogofactor. Gogofactor is a strong algorithm that helps campaigns gain visibility on the website and be able to reach th e right people. Several factors may affect the gogofactor. These include the scope of social engagement such as a presence across social media and response there as well as the reach of the campaign globally. Campaigners can raise their gogofactor by:Updating campaign information on social media outlets and spreading the word through the campaigner’s community to share the information further.Offering interesting and exciting rewards to engage the audience and move them to action through donations.According to the Indiegogo blog, some other actions can help raise 8 times as much money for people who use them as those who do not. These actions show a commitment to the campaign through an investment of time and effort.A Pitch Video â€" A video can make an incredible amount of difference to a campaign. A good video will show the people behind the campaign and their journey based around their campaign idea. There should also be an aspect of the mechanics of the business by showing whe re the money will go and a clear call to action. It is important to keep this short and crisp, preferably under 3 minutes.A Good Amount of Perks â€" A good number is three or more creative and generous rewards. A good idea is to reward based on specific contribution amounts such as $25 and $100.Offer Regular Updates â€" Updates can show progress, thank contributors, offer new rewards and showcase any press or attention that the campaign has been getting. These updates can help keep backers engaged and bring in others.A Good Media Gallery â€" It is a good idea to keep at least 5 or more items in the media gallery. These can be videos, images or artwork. This media can help build a context for the motivation behind the campaign and bring the backers close to the campaign. The same media should be shared across social media as well.Link to Other Pages â€" Any personal websites, blogs, Facebook pages, Twitter accounts or other social media outlets should be linked back to the campaign. This link across channels will help build credibility and allow a strong story line to be created over the course of the campaign and beyond.Keep the Campaign Short â€" Though Indiegogo does not put any time restrictions on campaigns, it is a good idea to have a short campaign. Short means less than 60 days. This allows more buzz and fewer chances of people putting off contributing to a later time. Before deciding timeframe, factors such as time needed to run an effective campaign and the amount of money required and other aspects of strategy should be considered carefully. Mistakes to AvoidSome common crowdfunding mistakes to avoid include:Don’t make the video a short film. An endless video will lose an audience no matter how much effort went into making it. The video should be short and crisp but still manage to portray all the right information to the audience in a compelling manner.Don’t wait for the backers to show up. A campaign needs to be pushed for it to be effective. I t is important to reach out to family, friends, coworkers, acquaintances as well as other influential people who may be relevant to or interested in the campaign. A strong social media will also help the campaign raise its gogofactor and be more visible.Don’t write too much text in the description. No one is interested in a long essay on how the project came to be here. Instead, use visual aids to push the message across.Don’t create unreasonably high rewards. Rewards should cover all levels of donations from small ones to large contributions, and the reward should reflect these levels as well.Don’t ignore past successes and failures. Once a campaign ends, its page stays on the website. This can provide valuable information about what works and what does not and can help improve a campaign.INDIEGOGO SUCCESS STORIESMost Funded ProjectsSome of the most funded projects on Indiegogo are not necessarily successful ones given how the website allows both fixed and flexible funding.Te chnology: Ubuntu Edge: This project raised over $12 million of its $32 million goal, about 40 percent. This was a fixed funding project which means that it was not a successful campaign despite being the highest funded project on the website. The proposed smart phone was to be released as 40,000 units only via Indiegogo to show the evolution of technology. Education: An Hour of Code for Every Student: This was a nonprofit flexibly funded project that managed to raise 80 percent of its target. Over $4 million have been raised, and the project remains open. The aim of the project is to allow every student to be able to learn computer science. Technology: Accent Wear Cat Ear Headphones: These are a fashion and technology project, a pair of headphones shaped like cat ears with LED lights built in that is a forever funding program. The campaign has managed to raise well over its $250,000 budget and was continuing to raise funds Rewards allow contributors to pre-order. Community: Stone Gr oundbreaking Collaborations: This was a flexibly funded program that is now closed. The campaign managed to reach well over its target if $1 million by raising over $2.5 million in about six weeks’ time. The product on offer is a rare beer from a highly rated brewery.Film: Lazer Team by Rooster Teeth: This flexibly funded campaign managed to raise 382 percent of its target goal of $650,000 by raising a substantial sum of over $2.4 million dollars in one month. This science fiction film offered rewards starting from a $5 contribution to a $10,000 one.Successful Product LaunchesThough there are many interesting projects and products on Indiegogo, a few that made it to commercial success in 2013 include:iSmartAlarm â€" Apple Store: An amazing home security device that gained backing from over 1500 supporters is now being sold in Apple stores for $250 each.StickNFind â€" Brookstone: Created by Jimmy Buchheim, the product helps people find lost items such as glasses, keys and almost an ything else by touching a button. A crowdfunding campaign that raised $931,870 on Indiegogo led to Brookstone taking on the product.Spuni â€" Amazon: A specially crafted spoon for babies, this ergonomic invention raised $37,000 and manufacturing began in Brooklyn, New York. These can now be purchased on Amazon.com.Misfit Shine â€" Best Buy, Target, Apple Store: This activity tracker had already raised funding required to bring it to market, but the founder ran an Indiegogo campaign to see what the customers wanted from this product. The campaign met with resounding success by raising $850,000 and is now sold at three major stores.Celebrities on IndiegogoIn 2013, the following celebrities turned to Indiegogo to fund their campaigns:James Franco launched a campaign to turn his book of short stories into three feature length films. He has promised to donate profits from these films to a non-profit organization encouraging actors and artists to dedicate time to terminally sick children. Nick Carter launched a campaign to raise money for his little known passion of horror films. He aims to use the Indiegogo funds to produce, write and costar in a horror film, Evil Blessings.William Shatner is collaborating with Egard to create a masterpiece wristwatch that is affordable yet limited editionLil Wayne is partnering with nonprofit The Motivational Edge to empower inner city children to have access to culturally relevant programs after school. IndieGoGo INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in  Berlin  with Indiegogo. Danae, who are you and what do you do?Danae: Hi. Im Danae, Im one of the founders and Chief Development Officer at Indiegogo. And we are now the largest, global, open funding platform in the world.Martin: Great! When did you start Indiegogo and why did you start it?Danae: I started thinking about it and working on an idea in 2001. I quit finance to go start it in 2006, met my co-founders then and we launched in January 2008.And the reason I started it was because I pretty much grew up my entire life around a problem and had to witness a problem actually, became part of the problem. And that was the problem of access to capital, inefficient access to capital.So, I watched my parents struggle for 30 years to grow their business because they never could access an outside loan. I went into finance and started working with filmmakers and theater producers on the side. Failing it, helping them raise money and realize that the finance was broken, because what was happening is that ideas were only getting born if they were lucky enough to find a gatekeeper to roll the dice and bet on them. And that, the way to fix finance was not rely on gatekeepers but actually put the power back in the hands of the people to decide which ideas came to live. By letting people fund the ideas that matter to them. So I quit finance in 2006 and started Indiegogo to do that.Martin: Great!INDIEGOGO BUSINESS MODELMartin: Danae, how is the current business model working for Indiegogo?Danae: So the way Indiegogo works, is that anybody anywhere in the world can create a campaign on their side by the create button. You can be an entrepreneur raising money to start a business, you can be an artist raising money for your next album or film that you want to make, you can be an activist or community citizen trying to raise money for a local charity or a local community effort.All you need to do is literally create  a campaign and get going and share it with your friends, family and supporters and funders and customers and empower them to help you fund. Indiegogo adds a lot of amplification on top of that. So we integrate with social media, we do a lot around helping elevate the exposure so you can actually raise the most money possible using our site than anywhere else.And what people do is that people fund in exchange for what we call perks, which is like a token of thanks. So a great example is here in Germany, a campaign for the Panono was launched and raised $1.2 million. It was a new startup with a product which is basically a ball that you throw in the air and it takes a 3D picture. Its very cool.  Well, they use Indiegogo as a way to get the startup funding so they could launch to the market.And we have  a campaign like the TinkerBots which is a really cool robotic Lego set for kids. It teaches kids about robotics. Theyd actually raised  â‚¬1 million in venture funding but then they still used Indiegogo as a way to raise another $300 thousand to really validate their market, refine their product market fit, really understand what their funders and customers wanted, so when they did the full launch, they knew who their customers are, or where they were, what theyre willing to pay, what features they wanted, all that stuff.Martin: And they adjust their pricing or business model during the campaign?Danae: Well, what they did is they learnt a lot about what peoples willingness to pay. So when you know a lot of, the old way of doing things before you launched a product is youd have a focus group, which is gathering a bunch of strangers and ask them would you pay for this. And they might say yes, they might no, but still its hypothetical. Indiegogo says, well if you pay for it, why dont you do it right now. Lets put yourMartin: Money where their worth is.Danae: Money where their mouth is. Yes. And so, its a great indication of whether there is a market there or not. And so thats why were seeing, Indiegogo has become a place not just to raise money if you cant access the traditional capital like bank loans or venture investment, or even government funding. But now Indiegogo has become a place for that as well as for ideas that maybe you can access traditional funding, but still want to use Indiegogo as a platform to really proof that market and proof that product market fit so that when they launched fully, theyre as bottom up as possible.Martin: Today Indiegogo is quite big. So, from a user or entrepreneur perspective it totally make sense to use them because you have tons, millions of users on it who could potentially purchase perks at your company.Danae: Fun perks. Its not a store, its not a purchase.Martin: When you started in 2008, why should an entrepreneur put his business on your company when you didnt have a lot of distribution?Danae: Thats a great question. I always like to say, the hardest part about starting a market place business which I consider us as a market place business. We dont have buyers and sellers, but we have you know, funders and raisers. The hardest part about starting a market place business is starting. Its the chicken and the egg issue.And so, in the early days, what we focused on, was just proofing that this was a way to raise money efficiently. Maybe more efficiently than offline. When Indiegogo started, the word crowdfunding didnt exist, we were the first platform. This concept is very novel and theres a lot of skepticism. And so what we just did is, we focused on campaign first and we did whatever it took to help them raise money.  And in the process of helping them, we learnt what the needs were, what the pain points were and then we build product around that to help address those pain points in need.So, very early it became clear that the whole point of using Indiegogo is to raise more money than you ever could have a loan. So we ask the question, well you know, yes, were removing a pain point. So if someo ne want to raise money online, they could just put up a website, put up a PayPal link for something and raise that way.So in early days, we remove that pain because we allow them not to have to go through their own website and their own PayPal, etc. But that quickly, that functionality became sophisticated and so then the point of Indiegogo became the ability to reach more people. And so with that, were able to add functionality around social media integration, where people fund Indiegogo and theyre automatically prompted to share it and post it on Facebook and Twitter. We like to say that, when Indiegogo started, I think Twitter had just launched, Facebook was still college only and YouTube was big but MySpace was a big social network then.Were still in very early days, but we realized the whole point is amplification. Indiegogos reason for being is to help ideas amplify themselves. So now with a platform known as the platform that will help you raise the most money possible becaus e we focus on this, and were continuing to focus on this. Were still rolling out product features and enhancements to help with amplification.BEST CAMPAIGNS GOGOFACTORMartin: What type of business ideas run very well on Indiegogo, in terms of which type of business model can raise a lot of money?Danae: Its interesting, a lot of people say what industries do the best. What really, what a successful campaign comes down to is not what industry its in, its what work and effort youre willing to put in it, and how much you audience actually cares. So, we see all kinds of campaigns from businesses launch to food trucks or gadgets get launched, but then we also see filmmakers and professional musicians like leaving their labels and using Indiegogo to raise money. Like We the Kings or Protest the Hero, theyve each raised hundred and thousands of dollars to make an album and  go direct to their fans.So, one thing that a lot of people think that Indiegogo is about is a larger campaign is bet ter, we dont believe that. At Indiegogo, everyone has the right to raise money, and every idea, large and small, is equal in our minds. And so, if your goal is to just open up a coffee shop in your neighborhood and you just need €20 thousand, then go for a campaign to raise €20 thousand. Just because youre not raising 2 million, doesnt mean youre not as important.But then we also have the platform, so that if you do need that 2 million, we have the infrastructure to support that as well. And so the end goal with Indiegogo is a world where everyone is funding what matters to them, whether its a really cool gadget because you love gadgets or its your local coffee shop because you love coffee. Theyre both equally important in your eyes and Indiegogo wants to be the place where you can fund whatever matters to you.Martin: Are there any business model that you are trying to promote on your first page so when people are coming to your website and they see them and what would be the al gorithm behind choosing this kind of business?Danae: So Indiegogo at our core, our core believe is that everyone deserve the right to raise money. And so because of that, Indiegogo pioneered an open approach to online funding. So at Indiegogo  we don’t pick and choose projects, its totally open, no application, no judgment. But we also believe in meritocracy. So the ideas that rise to the top that end up on our homepage, for example, or in our newsletters, are ones that earn their way there. And they earn it by doing all the things to engage a community. Its not just a funding popularity contest but its the engaging, its having the audience thats engaged, its really having a community and a conversation with them, and really kind of bringing everybody together that matters the most.The way weve done this is we created what we call a gogofactor, which is a merit base algorithm similar to Googles PageRank algorithm that determined the placement and the promotions. So the higher you r gogofactor, the higher the chances youll show up on the homepage. And I like to say, I love going to the homepage in the morning to see whats there because I dont even know.Martin: Interesting.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM DANAE RINGELMANN We meet Danae Ringelmann, chief development officer of Indiegogo, in Berlin. She shares her story of how she started her company and what drove her decision to become an entrepreneur. Then Danae talks about the business model of Indiegogo and what you need to consider to create a well performing Indiegogo campaign (hint: the gogofactor has something to do with it). Lastly, she gives some applicable advice for entrepreneurs to become more efficient and grow their companies.The transcript of the interview is below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in  Berlin  with Indiegogo. Danae, who are you and what do you do?Danae: Hi. Im Danae, Im one of the founders and Chief Development Officer at Indiegogo. And we are now the largest, global, open funding platform in the world.Martin: Great! When did you start Indiegogo and why did you start it?Danae: I started thinking about it and working on an idea in 2001. I quit finance to go start it in 2006, met my co-founders then and we launched in January 2008.And the reason I started it was because I pretty much grew up my entire life around a problem and had to witness a problem actually, became part of the problem. And that was the problem of access to capital, inefficient access to capital.So, I watched my parents struggle for 30 years to grow their business because they never could access an outside loan. I went into finance and started working with filmmakers and theater producers on the side. Failing it, helping them raise money and realize that the finance was broken, because what was happening is that ideas were only getting born if they were lucky enough to find a gatekeeper to roll the dice and bet on them. And that, the way to fix finance was not rely on gatekeepers but actually put the power back in the hands of the people to decide which ideas came to live. By letting people fund the ideas that matter to them. So I quit finance in 2006 and started Indiegogo to do that.Martin: Great!INDIEGOGO BUSINESS MODELMartin : Danae, how is the current business model working for Indiegogo?Danae: So the way Indiegogo works, is that anybody anywhere in the world can create a campaign on their side by the create button. You can be an entrepreneur raising money to start a business, you can be an artist raising money for your next album or film that you want to make, you can be an activist or community citizen trying to raise money for a local charity or a local community effort.All you need to do is literally create  a campaign and get going and share it with your friends, family and supporters and funders and customers and empower them to help you fund. Indiegogo adds a lot of amplification on top of that. So we integrate with social media, we do a lot around helping elevate the exposure so you can actually raise the most money possible using our site than anywhere else.And what people do is that people fund in exchange for what we call perks, which is like a token of thanks. So a great example is here in Germany, a campaign for the Panono was launched and raised $1.2 million. It was a new startup with a product which is basically a ball that you throw in the air and it takes a 3D picture. Its very cool.  Well, they use Indiegogo as a way to get the startup funding so they could launch to the market.And we have  a campaign like the TinkerBots which is a really cool robotic Lego set for kids. It teaches kids about robotics. Theyd actually raised  â‚¬1 million in venture funding but then they still used Indiegogo as a way to raise another $300 thousand to really validate their market, refine their product market fit, really understand what their funders and customers wanted, so when they did the full launch, they knew who their customers are, or where they were, what theyre willing to pay, what features they wanted, all that stuff.Martin: And they adjust their pricing or business model during the campaign?Danae: Well, what they did is they learnt a lot about what peoples willingness to pay. So when you know a lot of, the old way of doing things before you launched a product is youd have a focus group, which is gathering a bunch of strangers and ask them would you pay for this. And they might say yes, they might no, but still its hypothetical. Indiegogo says, well if you pay for it, why dont you do it right now. Lets put yourMartin: Money where their worth is.Danae: Money where their mouth is. Yes. And so, its a great indication of whether there is a market there or not. And so thats why were seeing, Indiegogo has become a place not just to raise money if you cant access the traditional capital like bank loans or venture investment, or even government funding. But now Indiegogo has become a place for that as well as for ideas that maybe you can access traditional funding, but still want to use Indiegogo as a platform to really proof that market and proof that product market fit so that when they launched fully, theyre as bottom up as possible.Martin: Today Indie gogo is quite big. So, from a user or entrepreneur perspective it totally make sense to use them because you have tons, millions of users on it who could potentially purchase perks at your company.Danae: Fun perks. Its not a store, its not a purchase.Martin: When you started in 2008, why should an entrepreneur put his business on your company when you didnt have a lot of distribution?Danae: Thats a great question. I always like to say, the hardest part about starting a market place business which I consider us as a market place business. We dont have buyers and sellers, but we have you know, funders and raisers. The hardest part about starting a market place business is starting. Its the chicken and the egg issue.And so, in the early days, what we focused on, was just proofing that this was a way to raise money efficiently. Maybe more efficiently than offline. When Indiegogo started, the word crowdfunding didnt exist, we were the first platform. This concept is very novel and theres a lot of skepticism. And so what we just did is, we focused on campaign first and we did whatever it took to help them raise money.  And in the process of helping them, we learnt what the needs were, what the pain points were and then we build product around that to help address those pain points in need.So, very early it became clear that the whole point of using Indiegogo is to raise more money than you ever could have a loan. So we ask the question, well you know, yes, were removing a pain point. So if someone want to raise money online, they could just put up a website, put up a PayPal link for something and raise that way.So in early days, we remove that pain because we allow them not to have to go through their own website and their own PayPal, etc. But that quickly, that functionality became sophisticated and so then the point of Indiegogo became the ability to reach more people. And so with that, were able to add functionality around social media integration, where people fund Indiegogo and theyre automatically prompted to share it and post it on Facebook and Twitter. We like to say that, when Indiegogo started, I think Twitter had just launched, Facebook was still college only and YouTube was big but MySpace was a big social network then.Were still in very early days, but we realized the whole point is amplification. Indiegogos reason for being is to help ideas amplify themselves. So now with a platform known as the platform that will help you raise the most money possible because we focus on this, and were continuing to focus on this. Were still rolling out product features and enhancements to help with amplification.BEST CAMPAIGNS GOGOFACTORMartin: What type of business ideas run very well on Indiegogo, in terms of which type of business model can raise a lot of money?Danae: Its interesting, a lot of people say what industries do the best. What really, what a successful campaign comes down to is not what industry its in, its what work and effort youre willing to put in it, and how much you audience actually cares. So, we see all kinds of campaigns from businesses launch to food trucks or gadgets get launched, but then we also see filmmakers and professional musicians like leaving their labels and using Indiegogo to raise money. Like We the Kings or Protest the Hero, theyve each raised hundred and thousands of dollars to make an album and  go direct to their fans.So, one thing that a lot of people think that Indiegogo is about is a larger campaign is better, we dont believe that. At Indiegogo, everyone has the right to raise money, and every idea, large and small, is equal in our minds. And so, if your goal is to just open up a coffee shop in your neighborhood and you just need €20 thousand, then go for a campaign to raise €20 thousand. Just because youre not raising 2 million, doesnt mean youre not as important.But then we also have the platform, so that if you do need that 2 million, we have the infrastructure to supp ort that as well. And so the end goal with Indiegogo is a world where everyone is funding what matters to them, whether its a really cool gadget because you love gadgets or its your local coffee shop because you love coffee. Theyre both equally important in your eyes and Indiegogo wants to be the place where you can fund whatever matters to you.Martin: Are there any business model that you are trying to promote on your first page so when people are coming to your website and they see them and what would be the algorithm behind choosing this kind of business?Danae: So Indiegogo at our core, our core believe is that everyone deserve the right to raise money. And so because of that, Indiegogo pioneered an open approach to online funding. So at Indiegogo  we don’t pick and choose projects, its totally open, no application, no judgment. But we also believe in meritocracy. So the ideas that rise to the top that end up on our homepage, for example, or in our newsletters, are ones that e arn their way there. And they earn it by doing all the things to engage a community. Its not just a funding popularity contest but its the engaging, its having the audience thats engaged, its really having a community and a conversation with them, and really kind of bringing everybody together that matters the most.The way weve done this is we created what we call a gogofactor, which is a merit base algorithm similar to Googles PageRank algorithm that determined the placement and the promotions. So the higher your gogofactor, the higher the chances youll show up on the homepage. And I like to say, I love going to the homepage in the morning to see whats there because I dont even know.Martin: Interesting.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM DANAE RINGELMANNMartin: Danae, we always try to share some insights or advice to first time entrepreneur so they make less errors. What advice could you share?Danae: Fail fast, dont worry, dont wait for perfect, really. That was probably my biggest lesson I learnt, I thought about, work through what became Indiegogo for years, and finally when I just quit and took an action and went for it, thats when. Its within months I found my co-founders, within a month after that we have started working on it, within a year we launched the product. So, I think I was trying to get perfect in my head about what the exact thing is, and you cant underestimate the value of getting your idea out in the world and getting that quick feedback. So dont wait for perfect.In a way, Indiegogo is a great way to fail fast because a lot of people put their idea up on Indiegogo, try to raise awareness, try to get engagement, invite people in, and if no ones funding you, that means you probably dont have something that has legs yet and you need to go back  and try again.And so a lot of people use us as a testing platform of checking the street because you can then iterate, fail fast, iterate, come back, and when you are successful raising money you know youre r eally on to something.I would also, my advice to entrepreneurs is, second piece of advice is really be clear with your why, your reason for being. So, what problem are you solving and why do you care so much about it? A lot of, I live out in  San Francisco  and theres always a word, like, Ooo entrepreneurs are sexy. I only became an entrepreneur because I wanted to solve a problem and finance wasnt solving it. And so I had to go start a company to solve a problem, which is make access to capital efficient and fair.And I think it ultimately was one of the reasons that has kept me so motivated for so long and help persevere is because Im obsessed with this problem. A lot of entrepreneurs that you know, want to start a company because its sexy or cool or make a lot of money. I think their chance of failure is higher because there isnt something deeply rooted that is calling them to the work you need to put in everyday for years to make it happen. Because most, very rarely are there com panies that like, start and pop the next the day. It’s going to take, its a journey and you have to be in it, you have to be really have meaningfully motivated to solve a problem to actually be successful.Martin: Thank you very much, Danae.

Patriotism And Racism Essay - 1412 Words

Patriotism in history class can and does contribute acts of racism in our society. By not covering the histories of oppressed people in depth and with the respect it deserves, those who are privileged do not understand what is happening when they see minorities protesting injustice or advocating for civil rights. This leads to feelings of anger and hate towards minorities, and even acts of retaliation. Racism has always been an issue in American society, but perhaps today it is more important than ever. Increased acts of racism are being reported, and white supremacists and neo-Nazis are becoming more emboldened. Some even feel as if they are the targets of discrimination, as evidenced by the appropriation of the statement ‘Black†¦show more content†¦[†¦] Opposing this form of patriotism is ‘democratic patriotism’ in which students are taught to laud the principles— like liberty and justice—on which the US government is founded. (20 15, p.264-265) Both approaches to patriotizing history are not appropriate for history curriculums, and contradict the historiographic methods used to examine history. Traditional patriotism in the history curriculum is not nearly as prevalent as it used to be in the past, but has made a recent comeback in our society. This form of patriotism blatantly suppresses questioning, which stamps out any form of critical thinking that a student would normally use to analyze historical events. Questioning the past is an essential part of historical analysis, and without it a history class turns into a nationalistic brain washing session. Kissling, when studying Rugg and Krueger’s elementary school textbooks notes that even while they had patriotic overtones the textbooks were still criticized by some at the time for not being patriotic enough, showing how forced patriotism was back in the 1930’s. (2015, p.271) This is the kind patriotism today is taught in places like North Korea. What i s more prevalent in American society today is democratic patriotism. While much more inclusive that traditional patriotism, democraticShow MoreRelatedWhat It Means to Love Ones Country774 Words   |  4 Pages1 My View on What It Means to Love One’s Country Patriotism, according to Merriam Webster, is defined as â€Å"devotion or love for one’s country.† I believe this definition does not capture the true essence of the meaning of patriotism. This definition would be outstanding if there were no other conditions factored in this complex equation, but it seems that patriotism is a double-edged sword. The word patriotism strikes a lot of mixed emotions in people all over the United States. SomeRead MoreAmerican Culture And Its Impact On The Nation1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout history through patriotism, capitalism, and racism. Pseudo patriotism was running wild after 9/11, in our beloved country, and if you dared to speak out about the invasion in Iraq, you were vilified like the Dixie Chicks, by all the flag wavers. Once the Dixie Chicks went against the American culture of patriotism, Country Radio stations stopped playing their music; it was see you later ladies. Consequently you have to have a patriotic song, when patriotism is running high; therefore youRead MoreEssay on America, Land of Immigrants746 Words   |  3 Pagespeoples is to simultaneously be an American and retain their personal cultural identity. It must be difficult to find the balance of personal identity and not seam un-American. This issue is discussed in the short essay by Myriam Marquez â€Å"Why and When We Speak Spanish in Public.† In the essay, Marquez explains how she and her family chose to use their native tongue, Spanish, instead of English. She says they do this, despite the impression some people may get of them bei ng rude, â€Å"out of respect for theirRead MorePatriotism or Cosmopolitanism Essay1825 Words   |  8 PagesHumankind would be a better place if we were all just citizens of the world. In Martha Nussbaum’s â€Å"Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism† she argues whether children should be taught in education to be patriotic or cosmopolitan. Nussbaum’s definition of cosmopolitanism is a person whose primary allegiance is to the community of human beings in the entire world. Nussbaum begins her argument by raising questions about education and how students ought to be taught that hunger in third world countries areRead MoreMarc Anthony s Performance Of God Bless America1117 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough television. This made it easier for the performance to receive more negative, racist, and discriminatory responses through social mediums, particularly twitter, and eventually became a controversial topic among news sources and media. In this essay, I will analyze resp onses to Marc Anthony’s performance of God Bless America published on Twitter and define what it truly means to be American. This incident was one of many incidents in the United States that incited controversy over whether orRead MoreAmerican Stereotypes of Immigrants Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesassimilating (Morganthau and Wolfberg, par.18). .America is beginning to place a negative outlook on its culture. Authors Jack Shaheen, Richard Rodriguez, Peter Marin and Zora Neale Hurtson all shape American culture in a detrimental way. Jack Shaheen’s essay â€Å"The Media’s Image of Arabs† explains how the media has birthed false images of Arabs. The media continues to maintain stereotypes of Arabs. The majority of Arab characters shown on the television are rarely shown as victims or ordinary people (ShaheenRead MoreTommy Hilfiger Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesPress. Designer Hilfiger disputes Net rumors of racism. USA Today 28 February, 1999: News4 Berns, Walter. On Patriotism Public Interest 127 (Spring 1997) p19-30 Hilfiger, Tommy All American New York: MadHouse Productions, 1997 History Of Tommy Hilfiger 101799 http://members.tripod.com/~netmage/history.html 61597 Jordan, Anthony. The Soul of Americanism American Legion 144 (1998) p8 Jost, Kenneth Patriotism in America CQ Researcher 25 June 1999: 545-567 Read MoreRacial Segregation : Race And Place At The Local Level Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesSince the beginning of the United States, race has always been a social construct in which Anglo Saxon people were able to benefit from it. Institutional racism enacted at the federal level and state level, that intentionally dehumanized the people of color justified the mistreatments. During the time the suburbs were constructed the G.I Bill effectively benefited whites, as whiteness itself is an indicator of certain public benefits, such as housing and rights that were granted. While on the otherRead More English Should be Americas Official Language Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagessociety to unite the entire nation. The people of America need to reshape the country in which we live, to show off the patriotism expressed so warmly after the horrific attacks of September 11. American citizens must come to unison with the most vital tool we can use to combat those problems, our communication between different dialects. Senator Hayakawa writes in his essay, The Case for Official English, that ?[i]t is with a common language that we have dissolved distrust and fear. It is withRead MoreComparison of Media Propaganda Used During the Two World Wars1715 Words   |  7 PagesWith this essay I will be comparing the way propaganda was used during the World Wars, what was their aim and target audiences and how they affected civilian and military moral and more importantly how art and poster design was used to properly influence and imprint ideas and morals to the viewers. I will also compare how different design techniques were used in each war and how effective or ineffective they were in each case and what their common attributes were and in what way they were different

Homelessness The Homeless Population Essay - 1703 Words

Homelessness affects millions of people every year. Homelessness is an endless epidemic that continues to grow. There isn’t one specific causal factor to this every increasing population. Individuals experiencing homelessness come from various backgrounds and cultures physically, financially, and emotionally. They could be considered the melting pot for diversity. Often times individuals experiencing homeless are judged by their outer appearance with no regard for the contributing factors to the situation. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, â€Å"in January 2014, there were 578,424 people experiencing homelessness on any given night in the United States. Of that number, 216,197 are people in families, and 362,163 are individuals† (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2015). The homeless population contains â€Å"about 15 percent who are considered to be chronically homeless and 9 percent are homeless veterans† (National Alliance to End H omelessness, 2015). Homelessness has several different subgroups to include families, youth, veterans and the chronically homeless. Each group can have several different contributing factors that contribute to becoming homeless. There are sometimes some overlapping factors as well. â€Å"Families experiencing homelessness are similar to other, housed families living in poverty. In fact, many poor families – homeless or not – share similar characteristics: they are usually headed by a single woman with limited education, areShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : The Homeless Population843 Words   |  4 Pagesfill this vast world and 25 percent are homeless. Homelessness does not just transpire overnight, in poor countries, and to adults. This dire circumstance can develop anywhere: from poverty stricken countries to the wealthiest in the world and to people of any generation. Tragically, 30 percent of the homeless population is comprised of children (HomeAid.). Government and communities need to work together to develop more solutions to elevate homelessness. Simply stated an individual should notRead MoreHomelessness And The Homeless Population1570 Words   |  7 Pagesbillion dollars each year to assist homeless persons to find permanent supportive housing. Federal programs provide funding for specific sub-groups with the idea that providing housing for these groups will end the national problem. Without continued analysis of the social construction that hinders the homeless population, funding will not reach the target destination resulting in misplaced effort. This paper provides an informational and critical analysis of homelessness in the United States and the relationshipRead MoreThe Effects Of Homelessness On The Homeless Population1372 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Homelessness The term to describe the homeless may have changed over time, however the issue of housing insecurity has remained for some Americans throughout history (Kusmer, 2001). Although the homeless population has always maintained in the United States, homelessness became a national issue in 1870 with the emergence of the â€Å"tramp†: these were men that banded together, rode trains illegally and had negative interactions with law enforcement (2001). The movement of the homeless from locationRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless Population, Origins And Consequences Of Homelessness1373 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness Some background information on the prevalence of and risk factors for the homeless population, origins and consequences of homelessness, prevention and treatment strategies, and other considerations will be presented. The definition of homelessness may cover a broad range of individuals, including those physically deprived of a home and housed persons unwilling to remain in their homes (Ravenhill 6). Some researchers conceptualize homelessness as â€Å"alienation from the rest of the societyRead MoreAs we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness600 Words   |  3 PagesAs we know there a lot of homeless people in Los Angeles. Each year the population of homelessness grows each day. Homelessness is an issue because it affects the community. The cause of people might be because the made a bad choice and at the end they regret it. After being homeless, they can imagine having a great job or career, owing a house and their own property they want to have wealthy lives again like they had before being homeless. Homeless people wanted to bring back their lives as oneRead MoreVulnerable Populations1503 Words   |  7 PagesVulnerable Populations BSHS/320 The United States of America is the place known to many as the land of the free, home of the brave, and the place to start a better life. With any place that has good qualities, some have not so good qualities. 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Homelessness has been a public health issue for many decades. Often times these individuals feel as though society has turned a blind eye to them. This at risk population is seen by society as lazy or chose to live a life on the streets, but if one would examine this population closely would see that there is more to this at risk population than what society has labeled them as. The forces, which affect homelessness, are multifacetedRead MoreHomeless People And The United States1648 Words   |  7 Pagesscores of homeless people begging on the sidewalks. While you might spare some change to a particularly disheveled looking woman, or a couple trying to buy food for their dog, it is customary to keep your head down in fear of interacting with one of the violent, homeless drunks t hat litter city streets. Conflict between homeless people and the housed population is not a new phenomena in the United States. With one of the highest rates of homelessness among developed countries, homelessness in the URead MoreHelping The Homeless Is A Worthy Cause1502 Words   |  7 Pagesacross a homeless person? Do you give them money and try to help them out ? Or do you keep walking by like you saw nothing? Some people, the majority of the time, tend to just walk by without helping, and this is what makes the homeless population relatively large. Many people are affected globally by homelessness, and the population gets larger yearly. Not only does homelessness affect adults, but it also affects teenagers, and sometimes even children. Eventually after people live a homeless life

B2B and International Exercise Free Essays

In the conduct of this study, the question that must always be put in our mind is if there is a possibility for the city of Scottsdale and Marrakesh to have a business transaction to improve their economy as a whole. After reading all the necessary materials regarding the economic condition of the two cities, I have learned that Marrakesh has a 55. 5 % rate of share of services in the totality of the city’s GDP. We will write a custom essay sample on B2B and International Exercise or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, Morocco is also known for its industry in mining, food processing, leather goods, textiles and tourism. In terms of their educational attainment level, only 52% of the total population is literate. Its export commodities are mostly clothing, fish, crude minerals, fertilizer, transistors and inorganic chemicals. On the other hand, one of the â€Å"booming† industries in Scottsdale is the business and professional industry that enables them to have an impressive economic growth for the past years. They are also known for their best resorts destinations and high technologies and bio-technology. Feasibility Study Based from the above facts that I gathered, I could say that there is a great possibility of having business with Marrakesh. In the industry of tourism, since Marrakesh is known for their tourism, Scottsdale could develop resorts in Marrakesh. The high rate of tourists that goes to Marrakesh would serve as an opportunity for the Scottsdale to put up resorts. If this would go to happen, tourists in Marrakesh will continue to increase. At the same time, while benefiting the Scottsdale, the resort that will be established would surely cut the unemployment rate of Marrakesh since jobs will be provided to their citizens and, in the later years, could uplift the poverty rate of Marrakesh (Shagazatova). On the other hand, since there is a high illiteracy rate in Marrakesh, and there are a lot of professionals in Scottsdale like teachers, Scottsdale could invest in establishing schools in the Marrakesh in order to uplift their rate of literacy. The schools that I am referring here are only vocational schools, will also provide basic knowledge regarding literacy, that might be a good help in the booming industry of Marrakesh (Ranis). With this, Scottsdale could also get workers from the schools that they had established. With the median age of 24 years, there would be no doubt that Marrakesh industry is concentrated on the service sector. Most of the companies here must be labor intensive in order to take advantage of the large pool of laborers in the market. Wage rate is expected to be low compared to other countries (Phelps). This is also one of the reasons why it is advantageous to put up a business in Marrakesh aside from its economic opportunities in the current days. Since Scottsdale is well known for its business services, it would be a good decision to establish a service oriented company in Marrakesh. It could be in line with the transistor’s industry or textile industry that can be provided by Scottsdale to the workers of Marrakesh. Data Gathering and Recommendations Through the suggested strategies above would definitely benefit both of the cities. Marrakesh could take advantage of the job opportunity that Scottsdale’s investors bring with them and the latter could take advantage of the tremendous amount of laborers in Marrakesh as well as the low operational costs in terms of the wage rate. After presenting this paper to the Scottsdale’s officials, data gathering in Marrakesh economic standing should be implemented right away in order to validate the theories that we have cited in this paper. The data’s were then studied by the economic analysts of Scottsdale in order to have an in depth understanding of the current status of Marrakesh and in order for us to be guided in the actions that we are going to undertake. REFERENCES Phelps, Edmund S. â€Å"Low-Wage Employment Subsidies Versus the Welfare State. † 2007. Ranis, Gustav. â€Å"Human Development and Economic Growth. † 2004. Shagazatova, Batir Mirbabayev and Malika. â€Å"The Economic and Social Impact of Tourism. † 2005. How to cite B2B and International Exercise, Papers

Collective Bargaining in the Workplace Essay Example For Students

Collective Bargaining in the Workplace Essay Britain has one of the most developed systems of collectivebargaining in the world, especially amongst manual workers. Itssophistication is one of the main reasons why British workers traditionallypressed less for the statutory provision of basic rights in the work placethan their Continental colleagues. Most trade unionists prefer to put agrievance through procedure rather than go to an industrial tribunal. Dubin has described collective bargaining as the great socialinvention that has institutionalised industrial conflict and by theDonovan Commission as right which is or should be the prerogative of everyworker in a democratic society. It could be also defined as a method ofdetermining terms and conditions of employment through the process ofnegotiation and agreement between representatives of management andCollective bargaining does not require a comprehensive collectiveagreement for a stated period of time. It requires only the recognition ofthe bargaining agency and the principle of action that mutual problems bejointly considered and jointly decided. The desire of each party to beassured about the others future conduct that is, the desire forstability and security makes the comprehensive collective agreement for aterm the normal concomitant of collective bargaining. It requires eachparty to think into the future, to anticipate situations and to determinesolutions before situation s arise. It requires the making of policy which,when agreed upon, becomes the collective agreement. The heart of the collective agreement indeed, of collectivebargaining is the process for continuous joint consideration andadjustment of plant problems. And it is this feature which indicates thedifference between the collective labour agreement and commercial contractsgenerally. Commercial contracts are concerned primarily with end results;collective agreements, with continuous process. Workers organised intotrade unions and bargaining with employers provides a measure ofcountervailing power to the powers of management, and that is fundamentalto industrial relations. The collective bargaining process provides aformal channel through which the differing interests of management andemployees may be resolved on a collective basis. The collective agreementis not made between parties who seek each other out for the purpose ofentering into a business transaction and who can shop around amongcompetitors for the most favourable connection. It is made between partieswho find themselves alre ady in a joint enterprise and who have little orno choice in selecting each other for the relationship. The union does notchoose the employer and the employer does not choose the union. Both aredependent on the same enterprise and neither can pull out withoutdestroying it. Even when a dispute between them results in suspension ofoperations, they must strive so to adjust the dispute as to resume theirWhilst undoubtedly the process of collective bargaining has becomemore formalised at the organisation level, many arrangements (agreements)are still made between managers and shop stewards in respect of operationalsituations at the departmental or workgroup level. Collective bargaining through collective agreements places socialconstraints upon managerial discretion. One type of constraint consists ofthe labour standards or norms established by collective agreements relatingto pay and hours which are translated into the terms and conditions ofemployment for employees represented by trade unions. Such standards limitmanagerial discretion in setting wage, hours and other substantive terms ofemployment. At the same time these standards also offer the advantage tomanagement of harmonising labour costs throughout the industry. The second constraint is related to the bargaining over the rules,which govern the continuing relationship between unions and employers. These rules are often recorded in procedure agreements or the proceduralclauses of collective agreements: negotiating procedures, bargaining rightsand management rights clauses, shop stewards facilities, redundancy,disciplinary and grievance procedures. This is the so-called contractualAlso collective agreements can provide a joint policy forredundancies or the introduction of new technology providing consultationrights for trade union representatives as well as rights governingseniority, job guarantees and measures to avoid redundancies. Collective rather than individual bargaining with an employer isnecessary for effective voice at the work place for two reasons. First,many important aspects of an industrial setting are public goods, whichaffect the well being of every employee. As a result the incentive for anysingle person to express his preferences, and invest time and money tochange conditions is reduced. Safety conditions, lighting, heating, thefirms policies on dismissal, work-sharing, promotion, its formal grievanceprocedure and pension plan all obviously affect the entire work force inthe same way that defence, sanitation, and fire protection affect allcitizens of a town. Public goods at the work place require collectivedecision-making. Without a collective organisation, the incentive for theindividual to take into account the effects of his actions on others, orexpress his preferences, or invest time and money in changing conditions,A second reason collective action is necessary is that workers whoare not prepared to exit will be unlikely to reveal their true preferencesto their bosses, for fear of some sort of punishment. The essence of theemployment relationship under capitalism is the exchange of money betweenemployer and employee in return for the employers control over a certainamount of the workers time. The employer seeks to use his employees timein a way that maximises the value of the output the employee produces. As aresult, the way in which the time purchased is utilised must be determinedby some interaction between workers and their boss. Since the employer candismiss a protester, individual protest is dangerous. In a unionised setting, by contrast, the union takes account of thepreferences of all workers to form an average preference that typicallydetermines its position at the bargaining table. Through collectivebargaining employees can achieve better terms because the employer cannottake advantage of the individuals differing personal circumstances andneeds. As Harbinson stated, the important difference between individual andcollective bargaining lies in the fact that the latter is strictly arelationship between organisations and therefore an indirect regulation ofthe relationship between management and employee. There are three basic functions of collective bargaining:(a) A market or economic function it determines on what termslabour will continue to be supplied to a company by its presentemployees or will be supplied in the future by newly hired workers. In this context the collective agreement may be regarded as aformal contract and the grievance procedure as a non-legal meansfor ensuring the employers compliance with its terms. The processis primarily concerned with determining the substantive terms onwhich people are being employed. (b) A governmental function in which collective bargaining maybe regarded as principally a political process based on themutual dependency of the parties and the power of each to vetothe acts of the other. The content of collective bargaining isconcerned as much with procedural issues and the distribution ofpower and authority as it is with substantive issues and the(c) A decision making function which allows workers, throughtheir union representatives, to participate in the determinationof the policies, which rule their working conditions. Thecollective agreement is in effect, a formal memorandum of thedecisions that have been reached and is a limitation onmanagements freedom and discretion to act unilaterally. Here is important to note the necessary conditions under which collective(a) the employees themselves are prepared to identify acommonality of purpose, organise and act in concert; and(b) management is prepared to recognise their organisationand accept a change in the employment relationship, whichconstrains its ability to deal with employees on an individualThe determinants of conflict between the management and the workersunion in an organisation are easy to see when we consider the objectives ofboth sides. Managements objective in collective relations may fall intofour broad categories: first, the preservation and strengthening of thebusiness enterprise; second, the retention of effective control over theenterprise; third, the establishment of stable and businesslikerelationships with the bargaining agents; and fourth, promotion of certainThe union may threaten the survival and growth of the enterprise inseveral ways. It may press demands, which impair the financial health ofthe b usiness, or it may undermine managements efforts to build a loyalOn the other hand the of the union leadership fall into thefollowing categories: first, the preservation and strengthening of theunion as an institution; second, the carrying out of the formal purpose ofthe union to get more for the membership; third, the acquisition of agreater measure of control over jobs to implement the first two objectives;and fourth, the pursuit of certain broad social and economic goals. Holy Year of Jubilee Essay(b) From the management point of view it allows organisationsto present a collective response to trade union pressure; itstabilises the wage costs for all organisations at a uniformlevel and prevents unfair competition between organisationsbased on differing wage levels. However, the wage rate set atthe national level in many private manufacturing industriestends to be that which can be afforded by the least productiveand profitable within the industry. The increased emphasis on organisational bargaining in the private sectorfrom the 1960s onwards is a result mainly because of the inability, andinappropriateness of formal industry agreements to regulate the increasingrange of issues which were becoming subject to collective bargaining, suchas changes in working methods and improvements in productivity, which aredifficult to be regulated effectively from the national level, given thediversity of organisational requirements. Organisational bargaining covers a variety of different levels and(a) Company or group-level bargaining where all employeesof a given type within the organisation, irrespective oftheir place of work, are covered by a single bargaining(b) Plant or site bargaining in multi-site organisations. Thislevel of bargaining is particularly important in thoseorganisations, which are multi-industry as well as multi-siteand therefore the nature of the work, and process involvedwill vary between the sites and require different terms and(c) Departmental or workshop bargaining relating to such issuesas bonus schemes and work arrangements. It is important to say that organisational bargaining is not confined toone or other level but may take place at a combination of levels. Inaddition to any industry-level bargaining, there may be bargaining at thecompany-level (pensions), the site-level (enhancement of nationally agreedterms) and the departmental level (the employees actual workingOrganisational bargaining has two important advantages:(a) It encourages management to develop a more positive approachto industrial relations within its organisation particularlyin respect of wage bargaining. Industry-level bargaining tendsto weaken managements control of its wage costs in that thedetermination of wage rates is outside its direct control andmay be inappropriate to its circumstances. Management, bybargaining at the organisational level, is better able to linkwages with changes in work methods and increased productivity. (b) Both management and employee representatives becomeresponsible for, and committed to, the agreement they reach. The terms of the collective agreements are no longer decidedfor them by people outside the organisation and over whomthey have little direct control. However, organisational-level bargaining may also present some problems:(a) In the area of pay bargaining, it may provide greater scopefor comparability inflation. The granting of a pay increasein one organisation, because of changes in work methods caneasily give rise to expectations that similar increaseswill be given in the future or in other organisations. Itprovides the opportunity for the development of a keybargaining strategy on the part of trade unions; that is,selecting one organisation which can afford the pay increaseand than trying to achieve the same level of pay in other(b) The existence of too many small bargaining units, each withits own separate agreement, can lead to constant comparabilityclaims between the various groups. (c) Because of the multiplicity of negotiations and agreements,organisational bargaining is less susceptible than industrybargaining to external verification and regulation duringSo far as industry bargaining is concerned it is important todistinguish between three potential roles for industry-level bargaining:(a) It may determine actual rates to be paid as in the(b) It may act as a floor. Elliot explains this situation asfollows: when national rates rise all workers who currentlyenjoy rates in excess of the nationally agreed rate havetheir rates adjusted upwards either to re-establish somefixed relationship with the nationally agreed rate or becausethe change in the national rate provides the agreed signal fora change in workplace rates. (c) It may act as a safety net. Elliot states that in thissituation the industry level provides only some agreed minimumbelow which nobody will be allowed to fall and therefore anyincrease in the national rate will only affect those who weremarginally above the old national rate but are now below theLegal support for trade union recognition was introduced quite latein Britain. Even as late as the 1960s the TUC could argue that tradeunions in Britain have succeeded through their own efforts in strengtheningtheir organisation and in obtaining recognition, not relying on theassistance of government through legislation. However, by that time,changes in the labour market away from manual to non-manual employment andthe decrease in employment in industries with high trade union densitiesindicated that the historical base for trade unionism in the private sectorThe repeal of the statutory recognition procedure in 1972 did notdramatically affect the statutory trade union rights to disclosure ofinformation, consultations over redundancies, transfers of the undertaking,health and safety pensions as well as the right to time off for trade unionduties and the right to appoint safety representatives. For while all theserights presuppose that a trade union has been recognised by the employerfor the purposes of collective bargaining, it is not necessary for therecognition to have been granted under the s. 11 procedure. The Employment Protection Act 1975 also included a statutory tradeunion right to disclosure of information for the purposes of collectivebargaining, which has been retained. Contained now in s 181 of TULR(C)A,this trade union right requires employers to disclose information inconnection with collective bargaining. One reason for this legislation is that it is not simply anadvantage for trade unions in the bargaining process. It is also useful toprompt employers to present information in such a way as to produce morerealistic demands by trade unions by convincing them to take into greateraccount the economic problems of the firm. Employers do not have to provideoriginal documents, or even copies of original documents, but are entitledto prepare information in a special form to be disclosed to trade unions. A recognised, independent trade union is entitled to allinformation relating to the employers undertaking as is in his possession,which applies to any stage of collective bargaining. Another statutory right of trade unions is the right for collectiveconsultation over redundancies. Employers are required to consult withrecognised trade unions to notify the government in advance of redundancies. Under s 188 of TULR(A) an employer who proposes to make one or moreemployees redundant has an obligation to inform and consult about such adecision with a trade union which has been recognised for collectivebargaining for that grade of employee. In addition to the obligation to consult recognised trade unions,employers are required to notify the DE when they propose to dismiss ten ormore employees for redundancy (s 193). The idea behind this provision is toput the DE in a position to help to place redundant employees in new jobsor in government retraining courses. Section 168(1) of TULR(C)A entitles employees who are officials ofan independent recognised trade union to have reasonable time off with payto carry out any duties, as such an official, which are concerned witheither negotiations with the employer related to collective bargainingmatters for which the trade union has been recognised (s 168(1)(a)) or theperformance of trade union functions agreed with the employer (s 168(1)(b))and to receive training in issues of industrial relations relevant to hisduties concerned with the collective bargaining matters in s 168(1). TheCode of Practice clearly indicates that the purpose of the section is toextend the rights of trade union representatives at work place level withina framework agreed between management and the union. It promotes the ideathat managers should give shop stewards facilities including office spaceand that employers should allow paid time off for a wide range of tradeIn conclusion we may say that legislation still prones obsta cles inthe way of trade union renovation in new areas and increasing trade unionmembership. More precisely, the narrowing of trade union immunities hascreated difficulties for trade unions to use secondary industrial pressure. Moreover, it encourages employer policies of derecognition andWhile the scale of collective bargaining in the 1990s is underthreat owing to the changing attitudes of employers who take inconsideration the centrality and significance of collective bargainingarrangements with their organisation, it is still the case that more than60% of the work force are covered by collective arrangements. Bibliography: